Toronto Environmental Alliance

*Public comment period has been extended to September 7th, 2010*

The more comments the Ministry receives, the more likely we are to succeed in ensuring a green future for Toronto!

You can comment using the online form on the Environmental Registry. 

Include these points in your submission, or write your own comments:

• * I object to the proposed 5km exclusion zone for off-shore wind power. This proposal puts Toronto's green energy future at risk as it will prevent important off-shore wind projects. 
• * Proper site-specific studies can and should be used to provide scientific facts to ensure that wind power projects are located with minimal health and environmental impacts.
• * A single shoreline exclusion zone for the entire Province is excessive and unnecessarily restrictive. 

                   Comment now: Click here for the online form 

More info:

Read TEA's submission on the proposed regulations

Read the submission from the Green Energy Act Alliance on the proposed regulations

Environmental Registry posting:
Registry # 011-0089 :  Renewable Energy Approval Requirements for Off-shore Wind Facilities - An Overview of the Proposed Approach

BACK to My Toronto Includes Windmills! page 

Position Type: Volunteer
Number of Positions: many
Location: Toronto
Due Date: Friday, September 10, 2010
Commences: Monday, September 13, 2010
Commitment: Flexible, must be available on September 13 6pm-7pm for training.

TEA has launched a Municipal Election Campaign to draw attention to six environmental priorities for the election and new city council. For more information on these priorities, please visit our website: http://www.torontoenvironment.org/voteto. This is a great opportunity for those who are interested in political and environmental issues.

There will be many flexible opportunities for volunteers to contribute throughout this campaign. Volunteers will be given the chance to learn more about TEA and also create more environmental awareness in our community. Any hours that you could contribute would be greatly appreciated.

Duties and Responsibilities 

• Volunteers will be required to attend a one hour training session on Monday, September 13 from 6pm to 7pm at the TEA office (30 Duncan St)
• Speaking to people about TEA and this campaign in particular (training will be provided)
• Attending candidates debates and community events
• Distributing flyers and pamphlets at events
• Data entry and other office tasks

Qualifications

• Enthusiastic and outgoing
• Excellent communication skills
• Must live in Toronto

Reasons to Volunteer with TEA 

• Gain skills, training and potentially references for future volunteer and employment opportunities
• Meet new people and network with peers and professionals
• Develop solid leadership skills
• Learn more about environmental and political issues in Toronto 

Application Procedure

Please send your resume and a statement of interest to Tsering Dolma no later than Friday September 10, 2010.

Tsering Dolma
Community Liaison Coordinator
Email is preferred: elections@torontoenvironment.org

Please note: Interested volunteers will be required to attend a one hour training session on Monday, September 13th from 6pm to 7pm.

July 29, 2010

The Honourable John Gerretsen
Minister of the Environment
77 Wellesley Street West
11th Floor, Ferguson Block
Toronto, ON M7A 2T5

Dear Minister Gerretsen:

We urge the Provincial Government to continue moving towards implementing a full Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system in Ontario as part of proposed amendments to the Waste Diversion Act (WDA). Over the past few years, we have been very encouraged by the Provincial Government’s proposed policy direction to make EPR a cornerstone of the WDA.

As you know, the ongoing controversy about eco-fees has obscured the fact that holding manufacturers responsible for recovering, reusing and recycling materials is beneficial to Ontario’s environment and economy. In his report, Paying for the Management of Household Hazardous Wastes, the Environmental Commissioner of Ontario (ECO) rightly noted that the concept of holding manufacturers of products that end up as waste responsible for those wastes is fair and results in more environmentally and economically cost effective waste diversion. As well, true Extended Producer Responsibility means municipal taxpayers will save hundreds of millions of dollars as waste management costs are transferred to manufacturers.

To date, Ontario has taken a leadership role in promoting EPR. For this to continue the Government will have to address some of the flaws identified by the ECO with its existing programs. We believe the best way to do this is by reforming Ontario’s Waste Diversion Act (WDA). Specifically, we believe the 90 day review needs to consider how to change the WDA so that:

1. Producer responsibility programs must meet mandatory environmental standards and recovery targets set by the Ontario Government. These standards and targets must deliver strong protection for the public and for the environment. Setting recovery targets that are simple and clear will result in increased waste diversion and growth in Ontario’s green economy. Setting environmental targets will drive producers to make returning products for reuse and recycling convenient for consumers. ;

2. Significant fines must be set so that producers have an incentive to meet the targets. These fines must be large enough so that the costs to producers for not meeting the targets are significantly greater than the costs of meeting the targets.

3. Producer responsibility must focus on individual manufacturers and not agencies. Individual producers should be responsible for the environmental and financial responsibility for the waste associated with their products. Companies should be given the same freedom to choose how to recycle as they have in making their products and the most cost effective way to reduce, reuse and recycle. Competition between producers will result in greener products and products that are less costly to reuse and recycle.

We believe that amending the Waste Diversion Act based on these basic principles will build an Extended Producer Responsibility system that is good for the environment, the economy and taxpayers.

Our groups look forward to continue working with the Province in developing the best waste diversion policies for Ontario. In the interim if you or your staff has any questions or concerns please do not hesitate contacting us.

Sincerely,

Gideon Foreman, Executive Director
Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment

Sarah Miller, Co-ordinator and Water Policy Researcher
Canadian Environmental Law Association

Carolyn Webb, Programmes Manager
Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and Policy

Pierre Sadik, Manager of Government Affairs
David Suzuki Foundation

Doris Grinspun, RN, MSN, PhD, O.ONT.
Executive Director, RNAO

Dan McDermott, Director
Sierra Club Ontario

Franz Hartmann, PhD, Executive Director
Toronto Environmental Alliance

cc. The Honourable Dalton McGuinty, Premier; Mr. Hudak, MPP; Ms. Horwath, MPP; Mr. Tabuns, MPP; Mr. Barrett, MPP

Who is the Most Environmentally Responsible Politician Running for Mayor of Toronto?

Franz Hartmann
Guest blog on The Mark
August 19, 2010 

With less than 90 days before Torontonians elect a new mayor, a growing number of people will be wondering: who is the greenest candidate? To help inform voters the Toronto Environmental Alliance released a mid-campaign report card in July that set out what the top candidates have said on the six key environmental priorities. In the fall, TEA will be releasing a final report card assigning letter grades to all candidates.

While Torontonians wait for these results, it’s also important to consider what candidates have done in the past to help green Toronto. Read the full article here...

Where is the Environment?

Franz Hartmann
Guest blog on Torontoist
July 22, 2010

With just over four months to go before election day, some Torontonians are just now beginning to turn their minds to the mayoral election campaign. What they'll discover is that the front-running mayoral candidates have said little of significance about the environment.

Yes, there has been much discussion about public transit, which has a huge environmental impact. And yes, a few candidates have mentioned the environment in their speeches. Some have even posted short policy discussions about select green issues on their websites. Even so, an observer could rightly conclude that this topic has been largely neglected.

For a city that prides itself on being an environmental leader, this is—at best—a peculiar situation. Why is it that none of the front-running candidates has taken an environment stance and run with it?" Read the full article here...

It’s the Green, Manufacturing Economy, Stupid

Franz Hartmann
Guest blog for Toronto Board of Trade
July 20, 2010  

To date, most of the discussion by mayoral candidates about Toronto’s economy has focused on what City Hall must do to make it easier for businesses in Toronto to thrive. Lower taxes, less red tape and privatizing public services have been the top of the list of solutions. What’s missing has been any discussion about what City Hall can do to help Toronto’s economy benefit from the growing global demand for green products and services. Read the full article here...

Fee and loathing

CAN ONTARIO REBOUND FROM ITS UGLY ECO FEE FREAK-OUT?

by Paul Terefenko

Three weeks. Less than it takes a discarded apple core to disintegrate. That’s how long it took Stewardship Ontario’s current eco fee plan to fail.

Environment Minister John Gerretsen’s tail-betwixt-legs pullback of the eco fee program Tuesday (July 20) is being described as a 90-day rethink.

Under pressure from a growing tax revolt, the minister is now assuring the public that dinging consumers for the recycling of everyday toxic products will not be in the revised plan. 

Will we see a newer, clearer system, or is this the end of a grand idea?

Certainly, the fiasco, which left consumers standing at cash registers paying fees they knew nothing about, was seen by enviros as a failure on many fronts. But not all of them have the same concept of how the costs of recycling polluted packaging should be borne. 

Some think the manufacturers of toxic products should pay the full tab for safely discarding soiled packaging, while others favour some level of consumer fee to encourage responsible buying decisions.

What everyone agrees on, however, is that Stewardship Ontario, run by reps from major corporations like McCain Foods, Clorox and Unilever, should be ushered out of the scene.

“The delivery and design of the program sucked,” says Toronto Environmental Alliance executive director Franz Hartmann. The primary problem? Allowing the industry to set up its own eco cost solution.

“The government said to arm’s-length body Stewardship Ontario, ‘Go set up a system and let the industry figure out how to do it.’ They came up with one that was confusing to the consumer and the retailer.”

A major problem was that some producers chose to absorb recycling costs while others didn’t. This meant consumers often didn’t know they were paying a fee for a polluting product.

What previously successful enviro programs – like the $5 tire tax – had in common, says John Bennett, Sierra Club Canada’s exec director, is that “they educated the public.”

Bennett doesn’t agree with the idea that fees should be buried like dirty secrets. “What’s wrong with embedding costs [early on] is that we lose the value of understanding what things cost in our society,” he argues. 

“I’ve always thought people are smart and if you give them the information in a way they can understand, they’ll make the right choices.”

Those who support consumer fees feel they’re fair because they affect only those who choose to play with nasty chemicals when alternatives exist. Plus, the fees pay for the disposal of problem products, which frees the city to divert funds to other public services. 

That a council run by the merchandising industry failed to adequately sell its message is an irony not lost on Bennett. “There’s nobody better at marketing things and getting people to accept price changes than the retail industry,” he says. 

So how hard was it to sell the actual facts of a hazardous chemical’s lifespan? Very hard this time, it seems. 

That’s why Bennett suggests the program be run by the government.

Ontario NDP leader Andrea Horwath agrees with this part of the argument. “These industry types sit around a table with no accountability, with nobody to answer to, and they think it’s okay not to let consumers know [about the eco fee] until they hit the register. How arrogant is that?”

But she disagrees with Bennett about the advantages of levying fees on bad items in the hopes of shaping purchasing behaviour. In her vision, reworked eco fees should hit producers alone. 

“The onus should be on the companies that produce these materials,” says Horwath. She says the failed eco fee plan had no incentives encouraging R and D into the creation of less toxic products, and was simply a way for a self-regulating industry to pass costs on to everyday consumers.

Hartmann agrees. He thinks the way to encourage producer responsibility is to amend the Waste Diversion Act to forbid companies to pass the costs of toxic recycling on to consumers. 

“We could amend the act to put principles in place saying to producers, ‘Go out and innovate. Here are targets, and if you don’t meet them, penalty, penalty, penalty.’”

Companies that are lazy on the hazardous chem front would end up having to absorb higher production costs. Those that innovate or abandon harmful ingredients would be rewarded with lower costs and more sales at the retail level.

But Amanda Harper Sevonty, director of marketing and communications at Stewardship Ontario, says it’s far too early to talk about changes, and emphasizes that “we have no jurisdiction or authority to step in and say to a manufacturer, ‘You have to absorb the cost.’”

Harper Sevonty says Stewardship Ontario will be “working with the government to develop a new system that works for consumers and protects our landfills and waterways.”

Bennett figures there’s little chance of that happening. “Environmental measures are never treated by government as seriously as other measures,” he says. “When the government abandons things this quickly, 90 days turn into 120 and then into forever. I think this [about-face] could have set the effort back decades.”

As published here: http://www.nowtoronto.com/news/story.cfm?content=176023

Our mid-campaign report card examines what the top Mayoral candidates have said about Toronto's six Municipal Election Environmental Priorities. These priorities are endorsed by a growing list of community and environmental organizations across Toronto.

Candidate evaluations are based on remarks and statements made publicly at debates, in the media and on the candidates' websites, as well as on-the-record to us, the Toronto Environmental Alliance. 

We hope this mid-campaign report card will help guide candidates as they develop their environmental platforms. We also hope Torontonians will use this report card to discuss environmental issues with candidates. 

Download the report card here [pdf] or read more here.

Comments on Candidates

To read expanded comments on the candidates, including a list of sources click here

Rob Ford – Shows Little Interest

Rob has shown no interest in the environmental priorities. On the rare occasion when he does talk about the environment, it’s clear that he needs to spend more time studying the issues. For example, he confuses streetcars with LRTs and wants subways even where there isn’t enough density to support them. To earn a passing grade, Rob must put some time into understanding that there is more to being Mayor than complaining about Councillors’ expenses or talking about football. Read more...

Joe Pantalone – Progressing Steadily; Needs to Speak Up

Joe is doing well. His knowledge of the environmental priorities is impressive: he understands the importance of public transit and building Transit City, sustainable energy, complete streets and Toronto Hydro’s role in greening the city. However, he can improve his grade by supporting these priorities in an official platform. He is distracted by what others say and needs to focus to get his points across. For Joe to excel he must learn to speak more about the priorities. Read more...

Rocco Rossi – Shows Lack of Understanding

Rocco is unsure about the priorities. While he talks about them, his plans suggests he doesn’t understand them. His focus on subways shows he doesn’t get the environmental importance of the Transit City Plan that will bring transit to all parts of Toronto. He also doesn’t seem to realize that selling Toronto Hydro could jeopardize the City’s Sustainable Energy Strategy. Rocco needs to spend the summer studying the priorities if he hopes to do well. Read more...

George Smitherman – Shows Potential But Needs to Apply Himself

George likes to talk about the environment, but his enthusiasm doesn’t match his work to date. Compared to Transit City and the Toronto Bike Plan, his integrated transportation plan is not as good for the environment: it will take longer to build, reach fewer people and keep bike lanes off main roads. He has also mentioned the possibility of burning garbage, which harms people and the environment. For George to succeed, he needs to match his enthusiasm with solid planning to achieve a better grade. Read more...

Sarah Thomson – Eager Participant; Misses Key Lessons

Sarah is very eager and wants to do well. She acknowledges the need for blue and green bins in apartment buildings, but has no plan to get them there. She supports public transit, but her plan ignores the lessons from the past: subways don’t work in low density neighbourhoods. She also cares about cyclists but doesn’t want to build the routes they need. Sarah, like others, needs to spend the summer reviewing the priorities if she hopes to do well. Read more...

On June 8th 2010 at City Council, TEA helped pass a motion to stop incineration of Toronto’s sewage sludge at the Highland Creek Treatment Plant in Scarborough. Please read our briefing note for more information (attached below).

This old incinerator was one of the largest polluting facilities in Toronto; emitting over 38 tonnes of GHG emissions per day not to mention toxins like heavy metals, hexachlorobenzene, and dioxins/furans.

It was a very close vote with a little over half of Toronto’s Councillors voting to put the last City-owned incinerator to rest for good!  Congratulations to all the Councillors who stood up for a safer, sustainable option for managing our sewage waste.  

Tell Premier McGuinty and his Government to keep their promises and restore Transit City funding now!

With the release of the Ontario Budget, Premier McGuinty broke an important promise by cutting $4 Billion in funding for Transit City. At best, this means a five year delay. Most likely however, this cut will kill the Transit City Plan.

We need your help in a city-wide effort to save Transit City. If you care about the future of our public transit system, please contact your MPP now!

Take Action:

1. Email the Province
2. Phone your MPP

Transit City would have finally provided desperately needed rapid transit to Toronto’s inner suburbs which include several priority neighbourhoods. It would have removed millions of cars from our crowded streets, helping to address some of the world’s worst gridlock while reducing our greenhouse gas emissions and other harmful pollutants.

Transit City is too vital to Toronto to be delayed. Delay:

• more deaths due to smog as Torontonians continue using polluting cars instead of switching to new light rail transit
• more greenhouse gas emissions undermining Toronto's push to combat climate change
• harming Toronto's economy as dollars are spent battling traffic congestion and paying for the health costs of smog-related illnesses
• dooming Torontonians in all corners of the city to overcrowding, slow service and gridlock because the system can't handle the demand.
• Harms Toronto’s economy by eliminating thousands of promised Transit City jobs

Premier McGuinty promised Torontonians $8 billion to help build Transit City. He promised this money would flow quickly.

“The time to make this sort of ambitious realistic investment is now. Our economy demands it. What’s more, our families deserve it, because gridlock not only saps strength out of our economy, it steals time from our families.”
McGuinty Government Action Plan for Rapid Transit Will Move the Economy Forward – June 15, 2007

Now, Premier McGuinty has broken his promise. If enough of us share our frustrations with our MPPs, it will be clear to them that the political price for delaying Transit City is too high and we can force the Government to reverse this very bad decision. With your help, we can put Transit City back on track!

Please join the TTCriders email list to be kept up to date on future actions. http://www.ttcriders.ca/sign-up/

1. Tell candidates to make the priorities a part of their platforms.
2. Encourage your candidate to fill in our municipal election survey.
3. Add your name to our list of Municipal Election Priorities supporters
4. Read more about the priorities or download them here [pdf]
5. Add your organization to our list of endorsers (email us)
6. Contact us if you'd like to volunteer, help spread the word, or if you would like to present these priorities to your organization  

Take Action below to make sure the environment remains a priority & that we continue to build a green Toronto.

For 10 years Toronto has worked hard to solve key environmental problems facing the city.

Over the coming months, Mayor and Council candidates will be speaking to Torontonians about their vision of the City. While there may be disagreements on other issues, everyone should agree we must continue to build on Toronto's environmental successes.

Below are 6 priority actions (read them in detail here) , in no particular order, that will build on 10 years of environmental success. Investments in each action won't just improve our environment, they will lead to better health and save us money as we avoid some of the huge financial costs associated with traffic congestion, waste disposal, climate change, and illnesses due to pollution.

The 6 Priority Actions

1. Build Transit City & Fund It
2. Achieve 70% Waste Diversion by 2012
3. Buy & Support Locally-Produced Green Products
4. Build Transportation Infrastructure Everyone Can Use
5. Implement the City's Sustainable Energy Strategy
6. Provide Tools to Prevent Pollution   

1. Tell candidates to make the priorities a part of their platforms

It is still early in this election and many candidates have not registered. For the time being we ask that you have a look at the list provided by the City of Toronto (updated as candidates register) to find the relevant contact information for council candidates. Contact information for the top five mayoral candidates can be found below.

To find registered candidates and contact information (if they have made it available), go here.

Please CC/BCC tea@torontoenvironment.org & on twitter: @TOenviro
or let us know you called: 416 596 0660

Sample Text for your email: 

"Dear ______,

[First & last name]
[Address including postal code]"

2. Encourage your candidate to fill in our municipal election survey.

Since 1997 the Toronto Environmental Alliance (TEA) has evaluated mayoral and councillor candidates on their environmental commitments through our elections surveys and subsequent report cards. These report cards have received significant attention from the media, and have helped the public decide who are the most environmentally conscious candidates. This year’s survey consists of a series of yes or no questions related to our six Municipal Election Environmental Priorities. The results of the survey will be converted into a report card with letter grades assigned to every respondent. The completed report card will be made public in early October. A list of those candidates who fail to return a completed survey will also be made public.

Candidates must submit their survey results by August 19th, at 5pm. Please send them an email with the sample text below - encouraging them to complete our survey.

Contact information for the top five mayoral candidates can be found below.

To find registered candidates and contact information (if they have made it available), go here.

Please CC/BCC tea@torontoenvironment.org & on twitter: @TOenviro
or let us know you called: 416 596 0660

Sample Text for your email:

"Dear ______,

I am writing to encourage you to complete the Toronto Environmental Alliance's (TEA) Municipal Election Survey by August 19th at 5pm. Someone from TEA should have emailed you about this survey, but if you need a copy please email elections@torontoenvironment.org.

TEA is evaluating candidates with a series of yes or no questions related to their 6 environmental priorities for Toronto:

1. Build Transit City and fund it
2. Achieve 70% waste diversion by 2012
3. Buy and support locally-produced green products
4. Build transportation infrastructure everyone can use
5. Implement the City's Sustainable Energy Strategy
6. Provide tools to prevent pollution

To see these in greater detail visit: http://torontoenvironment.org/voteto

Implementing these priorities will not only improve our environment, it will lead to better health and save us money as we avoid some of the huge financial costs associated with traffic congestion, waste disposal, climate change, and illnesses due to pollution.

Sincerely,

[First & last name]
[Address including postal code]"

3. Add your name to our list of Municipal Election Priorities supporters

By filling in the form below, you are adding your name to a growing list of Torontonians who know that the environment is a priority. You are declaring your support for the 6 priorities that we have put forward for this municipal election. You can see those priorities here

Let's Continue Building a Green Toronto

Transit City promises to bring light rapid transit service [pdf] to Torontonians across the city. This will go a long way towards cleaning the air, curbing climate change and relieving congestion on
our roads by making it easier and cheaper for people to keep their cars at home. Transit City once again makes it clear that public transit is a public good.

But who will pay for the operating costs of Transit City? Right now, TTC riders pay over 70% of TTC operating costs through fares, at a rate that is higher than any other transit users in Canada. Unfortunately, 62% of TTC riders don't have an affordable alternative to the TTC. This means further fare increases are not an option for low income Torontonians nor are they fair to TTC riders.

In the past, the Province paid 50% of the TTC's operating costs. It's time the Provincial and the Federal Governments joined TTC riders and Toronto property taxpayers in providing operating funds for this important public good.

Action: By 2011, the new Mayor and Council must work with the TTC and upper levels of government to develop an affordable, equitable and long-term funding strategy which covers at least half of the TTC's operating costs.

The City pledged to reach 70% waste diversion by 2010 but they only made it to 50%. The key culprit in missing the target was unacceptable delays in getting the Green Bin program into high-rise buildings. This means half of Toronto's households still don't have access to organic waste collection services. The delays also mean organic waste continues to take up precious landfill space. Achieving the 70% target will only happen when all Torontonians have equal access to the City's waste collection services.

Action: The next Council must ensure that all apartment buildings in Toronto have Green Bin collection service by the end of 2011. One year later, other waste diversion programs must be in place so that the City meets its 70% diversion target by 2012.

Toronto residents, businesses and governments are poised to spend billions of dollars on green products over the next decade. The City will have a significant impact on these expenditures both as a purchaser of green products (eg. Transit City, green power through Toronto Hydro, the Mayor's Tower Renewal) and through policy decisions (eg. implementing the Sustainable Energy Plan). If we do nothing, these local dollars will leave the City and Country. If we act, our local dollars can be used to support local green jobs, local green businesses and local green manufacturing.

Action: The next Council must require City purchases of green products to give priority to local workers and local manufacturing.

Cycling and walking are important forms of transportation that contribute to a healthier population and reduce negative impacts on the environment. We need infrastructure built to accommodate bikes and pedestrians as well as transit vehicles and cars. In the U.S. this is happening through "Complete Streets" policies that ensure the planning and redevelopment of streets are done with all users (pedestrians, cyclists and transit riders of all ages and abilities along with cars and trucks) in mind.

While a "Complete Streets" policy is developed, key transportation infrastructure, such as bike lanes, need to be built, the Toronto Walking Strategy can be implemented, and all road users can be educated about road sharing and responsibilities.

Action: The next Council must develop and implement a "Complete Streets" policy by 2014, fully implement the Toronto Bike Plan by 2012, and launch a public education campaign targeting all road users about road sharing and responsibilities.

In November 2009, the City adopted the Sustainable Energy Plan. This strategy sets important targets for energy conservation and renewable power development to help the City meet its greenhouse gas reduction targets. The strategy also outlines what steps will be taken to meet these energy use targets.

A key component of the strategy is designing and delivering to homes, businesses and institutions across Toronto energy retrofits and renewable energy installations. The first step requires the City to establish a partnership with Enbridge, Enwave and our publicly-owned Toronto Hydro to deliver these energy efficiency and green power services to all Torontonians.

Action: The next Council must implement the City's Sustainable Energy Plan starting with getting the partnership between the City, Enbridge, Enwave, and our publicly-owned Toronto Hydro working and home energy retrofits underway by 2011.

In 2008, the City passed a precedent setting pollution disclosure bylaw [pdf] mandating thousands of businesses and industries to track and report their use of 25 toxic substances. The City began phasing in the mandatory reporting this year through its ChemTRAC program.

The next step is to help Toronto polluters -including the City of Toronto- reduce and eventually eliminate chemical pollutants covered by the bylaw that poison our water, air and land. The most effective way to reduce pollution is by developing and implementing pollution prevention plans. Small business is in need of the expertise, tools and education to help reduce costs, prevent dangerous pollution and be good neighbours in our city.

Action: By 2011, the next Council must have in place the tools small businesses need to devise pollution prevention plans with clear reduction targets.

List of Endorsers